Java Class Loading: an example
class loading 是一个比较复杂的过程。一般说来,类是在其 static member 被访问时被加载的。在加载时会做的一件事是:初始化 static member 和 static 代码段 (static block, i.e. static {......}),当然,static 是只会被执行 only once 的。
以下是一个例子 (adapted from Chapter 7, Thinking in Java, Fourth Edition):
import static java.lang.System.out;  
  
class Insect {  
    private int i = 1;  
    protected int j;  
    private static int x1 = printInit("static Insect.x1 initialized");  
      
    Insect() {  
        out.println("Insect constructor");  
        out.println("i = " + i + ", j = " + j + ", x1 = " + x1);  
        this.j = 2;  
    }  
      
    static int printInit(String s) {  
        out.println(s);  
  
        return 3;  
    }  
}  
  
public class Beetle extends Insect {  
    private int k = printInit("Beetle.k initialized");  
    private static int x2 = printInit("static Beetle.x2 initialized");  
      
    public Beetle() {  
        out.println("Beetle constructor");  
        out.println("j = " + j + ", k = " + k + ", x2 = " + x2);  
    }  
   
    public static void main(String[] args) {  
        Beetle b = new Beetle();  
    }  
}  
//output:  
/* 
    static Insect.x1 initialized 
    static Beetle.x2 initialized 
    Insect constructor 
    i = 1, j = 0, x1 = 3 
    Beetle.k initialized 
    Beetle constructor 
    j = 2, k = 3, x2 = 3 
*/ 
- 首先,访问 
Beetle.main(),是个 static,好,加载 Beetle.class;- 发现 
Beetle extends Insect,好,加载 Insect.class (如果 Insect 还有 base class,则持续这一过程,直到找到 root base class);- 初始化 
private static int x1(=3),打印 “static Insect.x1 initialized”; - Insect.class 加载完毕
 
 - 初始化 
 - 继续加载 Beetle.class;
        
- 初始化 
private static int x2(=3),打印 “static Beetle.x2 initialized”; - Beetle.class 加载完毕,
 
 - 初始化 
 
 - 发现 
 - 开始执行 
Beetle.main();- 要 new 一个 
Beetle,须先 new 一个Insect;- 在执行 
Insectconstructor 前,先要初始化 member,由于private static int x1是 static 且已经初始化了,所以这次只初始化private int i(=1) 和protected int j(=0 by default); - 执行 
Insectconstructor,打印 “Insect constructor” 和 “i = 1, j = 0, x1 = 3”,然后j = 2; Insectconstructor 执行完毕,即 new Insect 过程完毕
 - 在执行 
 - 继续 
new Beetle();- 同理,在执行 
Beetleconstructor 之前,要先初始化 member,这里是初始化private int k(=3),打印 “Beetle.k initialized”; - 执行 
Beetleconstructor,打印 “Beetle constructor” 和 “j = 2, k = 3, x2 = 3”; Beetleconstructor 执行完毕,即new Beetle()过程完毕
 - 同理,在执行 
 
 - 要 new 一个 
 Beetle.main()执行完毕。
2009年03月27日补充:more details see warning: 在构造器中请谨慎使用被覆写方法
2009年09月04日归纳:Java Class Loading: further discussion involving steps of instance creation
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