Eukaryotic Cell Structure

• Cell
  • Cell wall (细胞壁)
  • Membrane (细胞膜): [ˈmembreɪn]
  • Cytoplasm (细胞质): [ˈsaɪtəʊplæzəm], the contents of a cell except for the nucleus,
    • Cytoplasm can be divided into:
      • endoplasm (内质): [ˈendəʊplæzəm], the inner portion of the cytoplasm
      • ectoplasm (外质): [ˈektəʊplæzəm], the outer granule-free layer of cytoplasm
    • Cytoplasm includes:
      • cytoskeleton (细胞骨架)
      • cytosol (细胞液): [‘saɪtəʊsɒl]
      • vesicle (细胞囊): [ˈvesɪkl]
      • organelle (细胞器): [ˌɔ:gə’nel], including:
        • ribosome (核糖体): [‘raɪbəsəʊm], an organelle that process the cell’s genetic instructions to create proteins (mRNA binds to ribosomes; ribosomes 根据 mRNA 来生产 protein, i.e. translating). These organelles can float freely in the cytoplasm or be connected to the endoplasmic reticulum.
        • mitochondrion / mitochondria (线粒体): [ˌmaɪtəʊˈkɒndriən] / [ˌmaɪtəʊ’kɒndrɪə]. Mitochondria are complex organelles that convert energy from food into a form that the cell can use. They have their own genetic material (mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA), separate from the DNA in the nucleus, and can make copies of themselves.
        • chloroplast (叶绿体): [ˈklɒrəplɑ:st]
        • endoplasmic reticulum (内质网): [ˌendə’plazmɪk] [rɪ’tɪkjʊləm], 缩写为 ER。A network of membranous tubules ([‘tju:bju:l], 小管) within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the nuclear membrane. It usually has ribosomes attached and is involved in protein and lipid synthesis. There are 2 kinds of them:
          • Rough ER
          • Smooth ER
        • Golgi apparatus (高尔基体): [ˈɡɔ:ldʒi] [ˌæpəˈreɪtəs], packages molecules processed by the endoplasmic reticulum to be transported out of the cell.
        • lysosome (溶酶体): [‘laɪsəsəʊm], an organelle found in all types of animal cells which contains a large range of digestive enzymes capable of splitting most biological macromolecules (including proteins)
        • peroxisome (过氧化物酶体): [pə’rɒksɪsəʊm], a cytoplasmic cell organelle containing enzymes (as catalase) which act in oxidative reactions and especially in the production and decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (过氧化氢, i.e. 双氧水)
          • Lysosomes and peroxisomes are the recycling center of the cell. They digest foreign bacteria that invade the cell, rid the cell of toxic substances, and recycle worn-out cell components.
  • Nucleus / Nuclei (细胞核): [ˈnju:kliəs] / [‘nju:klɪaɪ]
    • nuclear envelope and pores (核膜与核孔)
      • pore (毛孔): a tiny opening in the skin
    • nuclear lamina (纤维层)
      • lamina: [‘læmənə], a very thin layer of material
    • nucleolus (核仁): [nju:’kli:ələs]
    • chromatin (染色质): [‘krəʊmətɪn]
      • Chromatin is composed of:
        • Histones (组蛋白)
        • DNA
          • DNA is composed of 4 types of nucleotide (核苷酸): [‘nju:klɪətaɪd]
            • Adenine (腺嘌吟): [‘ædənɪn]
            • Cytosine (胞嘧啶): [‘saɪtəʊsi:n]
            • Guanine (鸟嘌呤): [‘gwɑ:ni:n]
            • Thymine (胸腺嘧啶): [‘θaɪmi:n]
          • RNA has Uracil (尿嘧啶, [‘jʊrəsɪl]) instead of Thymine.
      • Relationship with chromosome (染色体): [ˈkrəʊməsəʊm]
        • Chromosomes are condensed Chromatin Fibers.
      • Chromosomes can be divided into:
        • allosome (性染色体): [‘ælʊsəʊm], sex-determining chromosome
        • autosome (常染色体): [‘ɔ:təsəʊm]